Armor block
This block is the icon of Space Engineers. It is the most basic building block that exists, and no ship or station, small or large, can be built without this block. This block is able to be colored, and has a default color of gray. Red, Blue, Yellow, Green, Black, or White, are the other color scheme options.
Corner Armor Block
This is 1/4 of a default armor block, and can be rotated to make more aesthetically pleasing ships or stations. They match up (as in, without seams) to slanted armor blocks and inverted corner armor blocks, but not with standard armor blocks. This block is the most limited in terms of ability to weld to other blocks, as it can only be connected on 3 sides.
Slanted Armor Block
1/2 of an armor block, these blocks can also double as extremely steep, 45 degree angle ramps on Stations or large ships. The blocks will match up (as in, without seams) to corner blocks and inverted corner blocks. They can also match up to the default armor blocks on two sides. This block can be welded to other blocks on 4 of it's 6 sides.
Inverted Corner Armor Block
3/4 of an armor block, these oddly shaped blocks allow for the completeion of slanted ship designs, able to integrate with standard armor blocks on 3 sides, and slanted--or corner--armor blocks from 3 sides. This block is tied with the most ability to connect to adjacent objects, as it can touch on all 6 sides.